생명 과학 번역 서비스

A native translator who is also a subject expert translates the original document

The human embryonic stem cell (hESC) is a cell established from the inner cell mass (ICM) of the preimplantation blastocyst. It is a pluripotent cell that can differentiate into various cells in the three germ layers of ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm under the appropriate culture conditions (1, 2). Since hESC was established, a variety of studies have been conducted using such properties of an embryonic stem cell to investigate the mechanisms of various genes and differentiation-inducing factors involved in the early development and differentiation of the human body. Furthermore, active studies have been conducted on the differentiation of hESC into specific cells such as the cardiomyocyte (3, 4), neuron and neuroglia (5, 6), and hematopoietic stem precursor (7, 8) to utilize hESC as a cell therapy product for disease treatment.

Generally, the differentiation of an embryonic stem cell is characterized by spontaneous differentiation, possessing various properties (2, 10, 11) and forms (9) which include many primitive endoderm (PrE) like-cells, and embryoid body formation in which hESC voluntarily differentiates by the physical changes of the culture condition only, without certain growth factors or chemical substances (11). In addition, there is guided differentiation where an embryonic stem cell is induced to differentiate into a cell of interest by various cell differentiation-related growth factors or specific chemical substances (12).

The most common method used for differentiation is to separate hESCs from the feeder layer and culture them in suspension. After suspension culture, a three-dimensional globular structure called embryoid body (EB) is formed and differentiation begins during the three-dimensional structure formation. Composed of tridermic cells, EBs interact with each other, induce differentiation, and comprehensively differentiate for various systems. Also, a simple EB is formed in the composition of multi-layered cell mass during the initial culture, and a cavity is formed in the middle of the cell mass as the culture period lengthens (cavity EB). Afterwards, a solution-filled cystic EB is formed (11, 13). In this way, forms and properties are reported to be different for different culture times. However, when a EB is actually formed, it does not always have consistent forms and properties (14, 15), and the mechanism for this phenomenon is not yet known.

Comments

감수자– 명료성:문맥 상의 명료함을 위해 좀더 자연스럽게 수정 감수자– 명료성:문장의 명료성을 위해 추가 감수자–누락:누락 된 부분이 추가됨. 원문 "자발적으로 분화되는" 감수자– 유창성:“treating with” (처리하다)는 문장의 명료성을 높이고 장황성을 줄이기 위해 삭제

원어민 에디터-가독성: 글의 간결성을 위해 수정 감수자–명료성:문맥 상의 명료함을 위해 좀더 자연스럽게 수정 감수자– 명료성:문장의 명료성을 위해 추가 원어민 에디터-약어: 약어가 처음 쓰일 때에는 그 뜻을 풀어써야 함 감수자–누락:누락 된 부분이 추가됨. 원문 "자발적으로 분화되는" 감수자–유창성:“treating with” (처리하다)는 문장의 명료성을 높이고 장황성을 줄이기 위해 삭제 원어민 에디터-관사:단어의 첫 음이 모음이라면 관사 ‘an’을 사용해야하나 ‘a’가 사용됨 원어민 에디터-개선:원문의 표현을 개선하기 위해 수정이 이루어짐

Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) are established from the inner cell mass of preimplantation blastocysts. They are pluripotent cells that can differentiate into various cells in the three germ layers ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm under appropriate culture conditions (1, 2). As hESCs have been established, various studies have been conducted using these properties of embryonic stem cells to investigate the mechanisms of various genes and differentiation-inducing factors involved in the early development and differentiation of the human body. Furthermore, active studies have been conducted on the differentiation of hESCs into specific cells such as cardiomyocytes (3, 4), neurons and neuroglia (5, 6), and hematopoietic stem cell precursors (7, 8) to utilize hESCs as cell therapy products for disease treatment.

Generally, the differentiation of embryonic stem cells is characterized by spontaneous differentiation, resulting in various properties (2, 10, 11) and forms (9), which include many primitive endoderm like-cells, and embryoid body (EB) formation, in which hESCs spontaneously differentiate by physical changes in culture conditions only, without certain growth factors or chemical substances (11). In addition, there is guided differentiation when embryonic stem cells are induced to differentiate into cells of interest by various cell differentiation-related growth factors or specific chemical substances (12). The most common method used for differentiation is to separate hESCs from the feeder layer and culture them in suspension. After suspension culture, a three-dimensional globular structure called an EB is formed, and differentiation begins during three-dimensional structure formation. Composed of tridermic cells, EBs interact with each other, induce differentiation, and comprehensively differentiate into various systems. Further, a simple EB is formed in the composition of a multi-layered cell mass during the initial culture, and a cavity is formed in the middle of the cell mass as the culture period lengthens (cavity EB). Later, a solution-filled cystic EB is formed (11, 13). In this way, forms and properties are reported to be different for different culture times. However, when an EB is actually formed, it does not always have consistent forms and properties (14, 15), and the mechanism for this phenomenon is still unknown.